Modern Art History Assignments Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Modern Art History Assignments - Assignment Example The paper "Modern Art History Assignments" investigates the history of modern art and discovers what is bad and good art. A good art is an art that be interpreted easily with a theme or subject matter. It should be educative or resembling some deep hidden factors while appearing simple. A good art balances the environment and the pictorial. A good art should have a purpose. A bad art is an art without a theme objective and purpose. It lacks balance and creates mixed reaction leading to confusion. The painting shows Brutus wife and children very emotional crying and wailing over the ruling Brutus has made against his own sons to bring about revolution in his empire. Brutus appears to be calm but pictured to be in deep thoughts not even able to look back and see his own sons punished for committing treason. The pictorial paintings of the building, statues and mode of dressing signify the Roman Empire. The name Brutus in itself also signifies the brutality going on in the picture. Light and shadow are pictured are well illuminated in the picture with a good sharp contrast. Drama depicts this single painting as observed in the picture. At the back Brutus son is carried away for punishment while at the center of the image Brutus is shown seated and calm while at the very left the wife and children are crying and wailing. Realist art in the 19th century includes paintings and pictures that attempts to show the stratus of the lower, middle and upper class in addition to culture, customs, beliefs and mores of the people.

Some Common Leadership Styles Essay Example for Free

Some Common Leadership Styles Essay Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of some common leadership styles and evaluate how modern managers can best implement them to deal with the challenges they face in the 21st century. Todays increasingly competitive, dynamic business landscape requires the ability to change, evaluate, and implement new courses of action (Bucic, Ramburuth and Robinson, 2010: 228-248). The importance of the leadership and its significant impact on the businesss performance , productivity of the organization and turnover is clear for most business people and scholars. It is a subject that has long excited interest among people (Yukl, 2010: 19). In addition, it has been classified in many different ways. However, this essay intends to explore only the advantages and disadvantages of charismatic and transformational style. Furthermore, it looks at how todays leaders can exploit these styles so as to overcome the 21st century challenges. Charismatic leaders can be defined as those who have high self-confidence, a clear vision, engage in unconventional behavior, and act as a change agent, while remaining realistic about environmental constraints. Their key behaviors include role modeling, image building, articulation of goals, showing confidence and arousing follower’s motives (McLaurin and Al Amri, 2008: 15). Although charismatic style has a lot of positive points, it has some negatives as well. Charismatic leaders can have a powerful stimulus on an organization, but the consequences are not always advantageous. The personalized power orientation of these leaders can make them insensitive, manipulative, domineering, impulsive and defensive. They emphasize devotion to themselves rather than to ideological goals. Charismatic leaders tend to make more perilous decisions that can result in a serious failure (Yukl, 2010: 294). The world has seen some great charismatic leaders in its history namely, President John F. Kennedy, Winston Churchill and the late Apple founder Steve Jobs. A second style of leadership is transformational which is an expansion of transactional leadership (Avolio and Bass, 2002: 42). These leaders are those who stimulate interest among followers to view their work from new perspectives, generate awareness of the vision of the organization, develop followers to higher levels of ability and potential, and motivate colleagues and followers to look beyond their own interests toward those that will  benefit the group. Although transformational style may sounds powerful and be the most favorable to driving safety, it has some drawbacks too. Transformational style is not as operational in cases where followers are not experienced enough. It could also be very time consuming. As a result, it is not suitable in crisis a genuine emergency or high-pressure economy, where time is valuable. The 21st century with its fast changing and erratic environment in the business world, requires leaders to be more effective. In order to be more successful in current atmosphere and to deal with politico-socio-economic challenges, leaders should use a combination of types of leadership. In other words, moving among styles will help them to achieve their goals more efficiently (Goleman, 2000). For some theorists, it is the essence of leadership and everything else is secondary (Yukl, 2010: 296). In conclusion, the last two decades of the twentieth and now the early part of the twenty-first century presented organizations with unparalleled levels of uncertainty, turbulence, rapid change, and intense competition. Many organizations are struggling with the need to manage chaos, to undergo internal cultural change, to reinvent their businesses, to restructure their organizations, to adopt or invent new technologies, to reduce organizational boundaries, to discover the path to continuous improvement, to globalize their operations, and to invent high involvement organization and management systems (Yukl, 2010). In the face of such challenges, the transformational and charismatic leader, sometimes referred to as the visionary or inspirational leader, represents a style of leadership that may be capable of facilitating adaptation to a changing environment and navigating organizations through the chaos of the twenty-first century. (Jon L.Pierce, 2008: 337) Reference List: Avolio, B.J. and Bass, B.M. (2002) Developing Potential Across a Full Range of Leadership, New jersey: Lawrence Ebrlbaum Associates, Inc. Bucic, T., Ramburuth, P. and Robinson, L. (2010) Effects of leadership style on team learning, Journal of Workplace Learning, vol. 22, no. 4, Jan, pp. 228-248. Chaudhry, A.Q. and Javed, H. (2012) Impact of Transactional and Laissez Faire Leadership Style on Motivation, International Journal of Business and Social Science, vol. 3, no. 7, April, pp. 258-264. Goleman, D. (2000) Leadership that gets results, Business And Economics, Business And EconomicsBanking And Finance, vol. 78, no. 2, Mar/Apr, pp. 78-90, Available: http://search.proquest.com/docview/227837312?accountid=15390. Jon L.Pierce, J.W.N. (2008) Leaders the Leadership Process, 5th edition, McGraw-Hill. McLaurin, J.R. and Al Amri, M.B. (2008) Developing an understanding of charismatic and transformational leadership, Allied Academies International Conference, Reno, 15-19. Yukl, G. (2010) Leadership in Organizations, 7th edition, New Jersey: Pearson.

Mission And Key Objectives Of Fonterra Marketing Essay

Mission And Key Objectives Of Fonterra Marketing Essay Is a provider of nearly all essential nutrients for people. It is the richest dietary source of calcium and also contributes many other essential nutrients including protein, vitamin A, riboflavin, vitamin B12 and zinc. At Fonterra, dairy is our passion its who we are and what we do best. With over 100 years of New Zealand expertise in developing nutritious dairy products, Fonterra Brands is dedicated to discovering new ways to deliver the unique health and wellness benefits of dairy (Source: www.dairyintakes.com). Tip Top ice cream has a big demand in the market, it is currently drenched with a variety of products and TIP TOP is in the market with practically no local brand awareness. To detain market share, TIP TOP must create plus cultivate a physically powerful product image. This statement fact the best routes to attain this. At the outset, to appeal to Auckland market, the company should display a more modern label and tub than what presently exists. An study of the present competition for TIP TOP is presented that focuses on three of the most accepted ice creams sold in Auckland today. Using SWOT analysis, the particular strengths and weaknesses of TIP TOP into the light of this contest are examined. Key pressure and key opportunities are recognized, for instance, there is tough dispute for TIP TOP but its unique taste and quality well for success definitely a significant market opportunity for attractively priced ice cream (Source: www.tiptop.co.nz) particular recommendations for action pursue that highlight the need for a strong product icon, well-defined positioning approach and slogans, affordability pricing, and select supply locations. captivating into account that TIP TOP is a high quality product targeted at the fashionable market segment consisting of equally kids and teenagers and adults school students and a wide range of advertising strategies is then obtainable. INTRODUCTION Fonterra is the worlds primary exporter of dairy products and liable for more than a third of worldwide dairy trade. Fonterras dairy farmers have extensive been identified for producing excellence ice cream and other dairy products in todays market. New Zealand is a global chief in large-scale milk procurement and dealing out. Fonterras global supply chain stretches from farms all over New Zealand to customers and consumers in more than 140 countries. Fonterras vision is to be the natural source of dairy nutrition for all young and old, everywhere, every day. Fonterra is a global chief in dairy nutrition the chosen merchant of dairy ingredients to many of the worlds foremost food companies. Fonterra is also a market chief with our own consumer dairy brands in Australia/New Zealand, Asia/Africa, (Source: www.fonterra.co.nz). The farmer-owned New Zealand supportive is the largest processor of milk in the planet, producing more than two million tonnes of dairy ingredients, worth added dairy ingredients, specialty ingredients and consumer goods every year. Representation on generations of dairy qualifications, Fonterra is one of the largest investors in dairy based investigate and advance in the world. Fonterras 16,000 employees work across the dairy scale from advising farmers on sustainable farming and milk production, to ensure we live up to demanding quality principles and delivering every day on our purchaser promise in more than 100 markets approximately the world. As part of our commitment to providing TIP TOP Fonterra offers dairy products that meet the different health and wellness needs of our consumers all around the world. This is based on a belief in quality products, sound science and doing whats right by their consumers. various of the marketing strategies are geared toward the prestigious market of dairy shops and local supermarkets. Internet marketing is essential today and a suggestion for implementing this such as website design plus examines methods of how to improve the quantity and quality of interchange to the website. Lastly, suitable methods to evaluate the achievement of the marketing operation are particular plus a campaign budget and a timetable that recommends dates for the choice of stages of the promotional efforts. TIP TOP determination acquires a controlling product image and a very vigorous market share in the close future (Source: www.fonterra.co.nz). MISSION AND KEY OBJECTIVES OF FONTERRA What Mother Nature creates, Fonterra enhances to carry the best of the dairys goodness to generations of consumers and patrons around the planet. Its our lifes work. The mission statement for Fonterra is: We are dedicated to upholding Fonterras standards, while maintaining the leadership position in the dairy industry when delivering advanced customer service in a significantly efficient and profitable manner, We create a culture where employees share best practices dedicated to coaching and developing our organization as an employer of choice. (Sourece: www.fonterramissionstatement.co.nz). Everything we do is inspired by our enduring mission: To Refresh the Worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..in body, mind, and spirit. To Inspire Moments of Optimismà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..through our brands and our actions. To Create Value and Make a Differenceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..everywhere we connect. The key objectives for Fonterra Company are: To stay at the head as the market leader in innovative product introductions and successful product launches. To strengthen and satisfy the needs of the more adventurous generation of consumers with a new eye-catching and functional product. To become the market leader in the dairy products segment with increased markets shares. Operational objective is to remain one of the lowest costs, sustainable dairy cooperatives in the planet. Construct trust partnerships with customers by being a multi-origin merchant, allowing us to construct more precious relationships during supply chain addition and improvement. Make Fonterra foodstuffs the primary option of patrons and consumers everywhere we do business. Fonterra aims for global dairy industry leadership. The company strives to be the lowest cost supplier of commodity dairy products, the leading price and inventory manger in the large-scale commodity market, An effective developer of dairy ingredients partnerships in preferred markets, A leading speciality milk components trendsetter and solutions provider, A leading consumer nutritional milks marketer, And to be a leading dairy marketer to foodservice in key markets. (Source: www. fonterra.co.nz). MARKETING OBJECTIVES TIP TOP have long been known for producing quality ice cream and other dairy foodstuffs and today New Zealand is a world chief in large-scale of ice cream procurement and processing. Our universal supply chain stretches from farms all over New Zealand to patrons and clients in more than 140 countries. Fonterras is made up of NZ$14.1 billion assets with annual turnover of NZ$16 billion, total ice cream production in New Zealand of 14.76 billion litres, sales volume of 2.31 million metric tonnes and 15600 employees (Source: www. fonterrafinancialstatement.co.nz). Ever since Fonterra Co-operative Group was created in 2001, we have developed into the worlds largest dairy exporter with nearly 11,000 shareholders. The company 95 per cent of our New Zealand made dairy products to our consumers and patrons in more than 140 countries. The milk tankers accumulate approximately 14 billion litres of milk every year. Fonterras marketing objectives is to: Increase the market share by 15% from $4.52 to Fonterra wants to pour another $260 million (RMB 1,250,000,000) into trebling milk manufacture at its Darfield location with a innovative dryer vying to the largest in New Zealand. Fonterra has the second dryer built by 2015 as the current $200m (RMB 1,000,000,000) site, still being constructed, it is expected to be at complete ability in subsequently. The 650-hectare (9,750mu) location 3.5 kilometres from the Canterbury city of Darfield is being extended to produce extra complete milk powder because Canterbury leads dairy increase countrywide. To increase milk production by 6per cent to 7 per cent a year in the state compared among 3per cent to 4 per cent countrywide by the end of financial year 2012. Increase unit sales by 10% from $8.75 per kg MS to $7.00per kg MS by the mid of the financial year 2013. Thus increase the total sales volume by 15% from 2.49 million metric tonnes to 2.69 million metric tonnes. Increase milk production in New Zealand by 15% from 15.75 billion litres to 15.85 billion litres by the mid of the financial year 2013. To increase net profit after tax range from 2012 financial year is currently forecast to be in the range of $400-$440 million, equating to 70-80 cents per share. The updated forecast Payout range for this year combines an unchanged forecast Milk Price of $8.00 per kg MS and a forecast Distributable Profit range of $280-$330 million, equating to 50-60 cents per share 20 cents higher than the previous forecast in February 2012. The target range for the dividend (to be paid out of Distributable Profit) is unchanged at 25-30 cents per share. (Source: www.fonterrafinancialstatement.co.nz MARKETING STRATEGIES Marketing strategies is made up of 7ps and they are product, price, place, promotion, people, process and physical evidence. PRICE The price of an item is clearly and important determinant of the value of sales made. A companies pricing policy will vary according to the market shares and fluctuation of the circumstances. Given that Pricing is one of the most important element of the marketing mix, as it is the simply the only mix, which generates a turnover for the organization. value must maintain elements of the mix. Pricing is complicated and must reflect supply and demand correlation. The price is $4.99 per 2litre tub of TIP TOP booysens berry ripple gives a competitive edge and will facilitate penetration for its targeted market segment. Penetration pricing is the price charged for the product will be officially set low in order to gain market share and once this is achieved, the price will be increased. Therefore, this case showed that setting a price high encourages the market to perceive the products as having a higher quality than lower period products of the similar type. Consumers are willing to pay more for a product that they perceive as superior. Using a similar pricing strategy, Fonterra is having the edge over TIP TOP because its price is slightly lower. PRODUCT TIP TOP boysons berry ripple ice cream provides kids and teenagers with all the goodness of milk in a convenient tub of ice cream. .TIP TOP has no artificial colours or flavours and has only 10% of fat. The best news is that ICE CREAM can offer you the same nutrients as regular milk and it will be less in sugar with the same taste of any other ice cream in the market ice cream is good for a lot of things, like on a hot day you have an ice cream it will cool you down, when kids have a sore throat they can eat TIP TOP ice cream. TIP TOP has 465kj of energy per 2 litre tub.0.9g of protein,10.1g sugar,40mg sodium and 14.2g carbohudrate,3.1g saturated and only 5.5g of fat.TIP TOP is made of cream milk, Sugar, water glucose,syrup,milk,solids non fat emulsifiers, vegetable gums coco powder, corn syrup and rising agents. PLACE The making of TIP TOP takes place at the factory in 113 CARBINE ROAD MT WELLINGTON AUCKLAND NEW ZEALAND. At the factory all different flavours of ice cream is made and stored in tubs and cones all different types. Once the production is complete then the ice creams are packed and transported to wholesalers and large retail stores around NEW ZEALAND by trucks they are also been transported to dairys and small retail stores. TIP TOP will ultimately be distributed throughout Auckland.TIP TOP is brand geared towards a advanced end market and to consumers who are increasingly becoming wellbeing conscious. They will facilitate the branding of TIP TOP as premium ice cream. This will persuade word of mouth publicity emphasizing the lasting memory of having the best ice cream NEW ZEALAND. PROMOTION Promotion is the activity, which the firm undertakes to communicate and promote products to the target market. The main objective of promotion is to: Build Awareness New goods are regularly unknown to a marketplace, which means preliminary promotional efforts must focus on establishing an identity. In this circumstances the marketer should focus on promotion to: 1) effectively reach patrons, and 2) tell the market who they are and what they include to offer. generate interest by affecting a customer from awareness of a merchandise to making a buy can present a considerable test. Provide Information promotion is intended to assist customers in the search phase of the purchasing process. The product that competes in an presented market, informational endorsement may be used to help with a invention positioning strategy. Encourages Demand The right promotion can drive patrons to make a purchase. In the case of goods that a shopper has not before purchased or has not purchased in a long time, the promotional efforts may be bound for at getting the consumer to try the product. Highlight the product Once a purchase is complete, a vendor can use promotion to assist build a physically powerful relationship that can direct to the client suitable an devoted purchaser The promotional strategies for TIP TOP consists of advertising; promotional ads and free sampling. ADVERTISING Kids do not read newspapers much or neither listen to the radio now days. As a result our main converge for mass media advertising will be billboards television and bus stands. The advertising on television will be shown during cartoon time when kids are watching TV and also at nite when its family time. The logo for TIP TOP brings families together for a hot summer to have fun and spend time. It is a desert used in most of the functions. Through outdoor advertising by having billboards all around South Auckland will be large and similar types of advertisements will be placed on the internet and other conventional sites to increase visitors to the company site as well as making money online as well. SALES PROMOTION Customer connection Management (CRM) incentives such as additional benefit points every $10.00 spent in store the customer would receive 1 point For example having 10points the consumer would receive a free 2litre tub of any tip top ice cream. There will also be a draw for a play station 3. Free samples (aka. Sampling) e.g. tasting of foodstuff and drink at sampling points in stores and on the beach on a hot day will promote people to buy more. Competitions and reward draws, in the media, magazines, on the television and broadcasting, on The Internet, and on packs. Vouchers and coupons, regularly seen in the media and magazines or on packs will enable consumers to go in competition to win huge prizes such as win travel trips. PUBLIC RELATIONS Sponsoring or hosting social events can be an additional useful way to create awareness and construct a positive image for our product. When doing an episode, there are many key advertising tactics to keep in mind. Just like every person desires some kind of dairy product to get calcium to create publicity and good relationship with the customers. TIP TOP will be contributing 1% of the net sales for every trumpet sold and 2% contributed to every 2litre tub sold towards charitable foundation in Auckland which goes towards supporting sports clubs and the disadvantaged people. Moreover, the company will be sponsoring sporting events, charitable functions and in local communities as well to increase alertness and sales. COMMUNICATION AND CO-ORDINATION The value and reputation gained by an association come from the usefulness of its inner division. The competence of a department differs on the height of facts and skills passed out by the citizens working inside it. There are numerous significant departments that an association keeps in their system. For Fonterra the departments are enumerated when the human resource section, research and development division, and the secretarial section. Nevertheless, all of the departments are not specified such significance because of the density and complexity in accepting their functions. Therefore, statement plays an important role in business as it helps in understanding the different concepts of the marketing and business world. It helps in building a plan to customise a blueprint of a specific situation (Source: www. marketingcommunications.com). The product and the prevailing market conditions will determine the optimal Marketing Communication Mix as well as identify the target spectators, the right message and media to reach them with. Human Resource Management (HRM) is the gathering within an association that focuses on recruitment of, management of, and providing direction for the people who work in the association (source: wwww.about.com). Human Resource Management is the organizational function that deals with issues associated to people such as compensation, hiring, performance management, organization development, safety, wellness, benefits, employee motivation, communication, administration, and training. To have a new website for Fonterra a web designer or an IT specialist will be hired therefore,, Human Resource Department will be responsible in the recruitment process for the hiring of a web designer. Thus having a new website will enable more customers to easily access Fonterras specials and brands. Research and development is at the moment of immense importance in industry as the height of competition, manufacture processes and methods are speedily mounting. It is of particular significance in the field of advertising where companies continue to keep a watchful eye on competitors and patrons in arrange to keep rate with present trends and analyse the needs, demands and desires of their consumers. To get regular feedbacks and new thoughts about further improvements in consumer tastes and information on competitors, research and development will be consulted. A study and development section will require working very strongly with the marketing division to recognize the needs of the clientele and to test outputs of the RD sector. The purchasing department has a major function directly influencing the foremost cost of working or trade professional procedure of any business depends in the lead correct revenue of investment. The purchasing division must make certain receipt of correct resources when needed is adequate quantities to sustain production at the equivalent time, it must not increase asset beyond that mandatory to meet current needs and uphold a rational factor of securely against stock and position. Therefore, purchasing department will be consulted in order to purchase new equipment and machinery for the company. Operations will need to use sales forecasts formed by the promotion division to sketch their invention schedules. The sales division of an association is most likely one of the most vital departments in an industry. The explanation why the sales division has so much significance is since the achievement or failure of a firm depends to a great extent on its sales strength. If the sales strength of a business fails to meet its targets, this means that the entire business will run a loss for that sales sector. It is thus tremendously essential that whoever manages the sales division of a industry is a experienced, knowledgeable and proficient manager. The sales will be quarterly evaluated to see if the new marketing strategies are effective or not. Therefore, sales department will be responsible for meeting the targets and having all the reports prepared for evaluation. Sales forecasts will also be a significant fraction of the budgets created by the investment department, as well as the operation of labour for the human resources division. The marketing segment will act as a guide and lead the companys other department in developing, producing, fulfilling, and servicing products or services for their consumers. Communication is essential. The marketing subdivision typically has a better understanding of the market and consumer needs. Marketing ought to be involved, and there should by a meeting of the minds, whenever planning are held regarding new product development or any customer-related gathering of the company. For example, service technicians and customer service reps will have enormous insights into customer opinions and needs. Get every person involved and there will be a more cohesive effort. For celebrity endorsement, billboards, TV and radio ads the marketing department will be held responsible for evaluating who will be the best to represent TIP TOP brand product for Fonterra. Marketing is perhaps the most significant movement in a industry because it has a straight outcome on productivity and sales. Bigge r businesses will supply specific employees and departments for the intention of marketing. The advertising section of a industry wants to work closely with operations, investigate and development, finance and human resources to prove their plans are possible. The purpose of accounting for a business is to have record of the receipts and expenditures of its daily actions. Accounting makes it available for the businesses to assess and analyse the businesss performance. This will help Fonterra to decide what improvements they need to make, or what practices to keep doing in order to keep the company at its thriving place (Source: http://EzineArticles.com/3138769). Accounts department will be responsible for preparing budgets, payrolls and balance sheets for Fonterra. A well-prepared budget will permit the marketing department evaluate on what segment of money is allocated to their section and act within the budget. Valuable communication plays an important role in business to notify and influence behaviour. Communication channels refer to the average you use to send a message, such as the telephone or email. Effective communication requires selecting an appropriate communication channel to send your message. An effective means of communication is important in order to efficiently react to the various demands of the market. The communication channels used by Fonterra are instant messaging, email, video conferencing, and telephone and power point presentations. Instant messaging is a enormous way to communicate with both colleagues and customers. Messaging software such as Skype, MSN, Yahoo Messenger whats app etc, also provide a swift way for different subdivisions within the business to correspond in Fonterra. Instant messaging is one of the most cost effective and effortless ways to communicate, as most of the frequently used applications are free and easy to install on any present computer. In addition to text message function, many software applications have call, or even video call, functionality as well. Email allows Fonterra to communicate with multiple parties, consecutively, from and to almost anywhere in the world. Most of the employees are comfortable with the utilize of email, and will check for new messages frequently. Newsletters, sent via email, will keep Fonterras workforce up to date with the latest news broadcast, offers, or any other changes within the business. E-mail has become the primary means for delivering short text messages within organizations that are networked. As e-mail between organizations becomes more frequent, the medium will increasingly take the part of fax, particularly as whole documents can be sent as e-mail attachments. E-mail provides many cost advantages when compared with the use of paper or the telephone. Presentations are very popular technique of communication in all types of organizations, frequently involving audiovisual material, like copies of reports, or material prepared in Microsoft PowerPoint or Adobe Flash and this is has become a very effective communication channel for Fonterra. Forum boards, which allow people to instantaneously post information at a centralized locality and face-to-face meetings, which are personal and have been successful by a written follow-up has been very popular communication channel for Fonterra. (Source: Importance of Communication Channels in Business/eHow.com http://www.ehow.com/about_6511827_importance-communication-channels-business) MARKETING MIX TACTICS PRICE The price of an item is clearly and essential determinant of the value of sales made. An organizations pricing policy will differ according to the market fluctuation and circumstances. Since Pricing is one of the most significant essentials of the advertising blend, as it is the only mix, which generates a proceeds for the association. Price must sustain these essentials of the mix. Pricing is hard and must reflect deliver and demand connection. Pricing merchandise too high or too low down could imply a loss of sales for the organization. The price of a 2litre tub of BOYSENNS BERRY RIPPLE is selling at $4.99 gives a competition edge and will facilitate penetration for its targeted market sector. Fonterra Group Limited has its own dairy farm and milk storing tanks thus fresh milk is used to make the product and due to this the cost of raw materials is a lot lesser.TIP TOP wants to be seen as high-status and of the premier quality but still attain a respectable size of the marketplace thus, A pricing tactic of being contained by the premier variety yet appealingly priced is an excellent form of access pricing. Penetration pricing is that the price charged for the product will be officially set low in order to gain market share and once this is achieved, the price will be improved. Therefore, this casing showed that a price elevated encourages the marketplace to recognize the products as having a superior excellence than lower priced foodstuffs of the same sort. Patrons are willing to pay extra for a product that they identify as superior. Using a similar pricing. Undercutting its major competition with access pricing should allow the company to gain market share. Furthermore, Fonterras striking price joint with high value of places it in a distinctive area on the consumers perceptual chart. PRODUCT TIP TOP ice cream provides kids with all the goodness in a tub. The best news is that can offer you the same nutrients as regular dairy products and it is refreshing on a hot summers day. The ingredients include: fat free milk, sugar (25% less in sugar), colour (120,160b), flavour, stabilizer and vitamin D. The purpose of TIP TOP is to help kids grown stronger. All milk naturally contains calcium. TIP TOP contains 50% more calcium than regular flavoured milk (*with 118 mg per 100ml). TIP TOP has 177 mg of calcium per 100ml and this calcium comes from calcium found naturally in milk as well as some extra added calcium. Calcium helps build strong bones and teeth. TIP TOP has Vitamin D added to it as it helps in the absorption of calcium. It comes in a 250ml packet that is enough for growing kids thus there wont be any wastage. TIP TOP also contains protein which is a natural component of milk. Protein is essential for growth and development. Protein also helps form of muscles. PLACE The making of TIP TOP will start right from the factory and then the ice cream will be Delivered to storing and pasteurisation and then the processed ice cream will be delivered through delivery trucks to the manufacturer and then to the wholesaler. From the wholesaler it will be delivered to retailers, supermarkets and small dairy shops around Auckland has begun to obtain product loyalty and a considerable marketplace share in Auckland, distribution channels will be opened up throughout North Island of New Zealand and later the drink will be introduced in whole of New Zealand. Therefore, the supply plan and marketing movement will aim impressive seats such as all intermediate and high schools, dairy shops, supermarkets and any social or cultural and sporting events held in and around Auckland. We diagram on choosing these locations for numerous reasons: This will promote word of mouth exposure emphasizing the long-term memory of having the finest ice cream in NEW ZEALAND at the choicest locations. High profile placement in upscale establishments which will enhance brand awareness and encourage patrons to make purchases for their beneficial future. The purpose of this circulation strategy is to: Cultivate client awareness of TIP TOP amongst definite market sector higher-end clients. generate brand loyalty to TIP TOP Acquire and expand market share of TIP TOP Encourage whole of South Auckland customers to gain experience with TIP TOP and instigate to spread the statement about what spectacular ICE CREAM TIP TOP has to offer. PROMOTION Promotion is one of the elements of marketing mix. It is the communication link between sellers and buyers for the purpose of influencing, informing, or persuading a potential buyers purchasing decision (Wikipedia, 2011). Promotion is the activity which the firm undertakes to communicate and promote products to the target market. The main objective of promotion is to: Build Awareness New foodstuffs are regularly unknown to a market, which resources primary promotional hard work must focus on establishing a character. In these circumstances the dealer must focus promotion to: 1) efficiently reach customers, and 2) tell the market who they are and what they have to offer. Create concern by moving a patron from awareness of a produce to making a buy can present a major examination. Provide Information endorsement is designed to support customers in the exploration stage of the purchasing procedure. The product that competes in an obtainable market, informational endorsement may be used to help with a merchandise positioning approach. Encourages Demand The accurate promotion can drive clients to make a buy. In the case of foodstuffs that a purchaser has not before purchased or has not purchased in a long time, the promotional hard work may be bound for at getting the consumer to try the manufactured goods. emphasize the Brand Once a buy is made, a vendor can use endorsement to help build a well-built relationship that can lead to the purchaser becoming a dedicated patron. The promotional strategies for TIP TOP consists of advertising, sales promotion and public relations. ADVERTISING All advertising is designed to increase the demand for a firms product whether facts are used or merely smoke and mirrors Advertising is any form of paid non-personal presentation and promotion of ideas, goods or services through mass media such as newspapers, magazines, television, internet and radio by an identified sponsor (Principles of Marketing:. Kids are not too much into newspapers and radio therefore our main focus for mass media advertising will be television and internet. For television advertising celebrity endorsement will be an effective way to promote.TIP TOP when consumers see one of their favourite celebrities endorsing a product they are more likely to go out and buy the product and try it for themselves. For example celebrities s

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Downsizing is framed within the context of removing or taking out employees witch are of much use to the company’s work process, or their performance is not adequate. It is almost like upgrading your old pc, and taking out the old and obsolete parts. Many successful companies nowadays engage in downsizing as a purposeful and proactive strategy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Interestingly though, some studies have shown that only a handful of companies actually have improved organizational performance with downsizing. Downsizing may prove to be a good solution to some of the companies financial and staff performance problems, but downsizing has wiped out hundreds and thousands of jobs all over the world, disrupted the lives of many employees, and changed the face of employment forever.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In conclusion downsizing may be the only solution to many companies and their problems, but it leaves be hind an enormous scene of unemployment, and opens up many doors to the employees that were better left closed. Sometimes downsizing is not the only solution to a company, they could consider training some of the employees.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Now to address the second part of the question, which is about finding employees with the right qualifications to fit the desired post. Most companies nowadays look for employees with the right qualifications, but they are not willing to pay high salaries. There are many qualifications that companies seek when they are employing people to their workforce. They range from the basic ones such as enthusiasm, personality, outer appearance and so on. To the more elaborate such as technological and technical skills these are most important to data analysis, research and development sectors of a company. Visionary skills will also be in demand, for the ability to gather and analyze a wide range of data, and then this input and knowledge to guide the organization in to the future will be vital. The ability to learn will be above everything else will be very important, empowering people to grow and help their organizations achieve their desired goals & objectives. Some of these skills are innate, but many people enhance their ability to learn through college and university courses.

International Human Resource Management in Japanese Firms Essay

During the 1980s, commentators and researchers of almost every stripe witnessed what was invariably seen as a miracle: the juggernaut Japanese economy. It seemed a perfect system, with all cylinders-from the political coordination of the economy through industrial structure and interfirm interactions to human resources management practices and cooperative relationships on the shop floor–clicking at high, flawless speed. In the mindset of the time, one question quickly followed: How could the American economic system, with all its contrasting warts and imperfections, hope to compete against this titan? Now, little more than a decade later, that sighting of a miracle has been downgraded rather substantially. In the words of a Fortune analyst (Powell, 2002), â€Å"Being compared to Japan these days, economically speaking, is about as low as it gets† (p. 91). The reasons for this decline are varied but include many of the same factors that supposedly accounted for its ascendance. Now, Keeley pulls back the curtain even more, exposing a system seemingly trapped in neutral. Keeley, a Westerner fluent in Japanese and professor in international management at Sangyo University in Japan, is well positioned to reveal the inner workings of the Japanese corporation, particularly its international human resources management (IHRM) practices, without the infatuation that marked many of the earlier reports. The inescapable conclusion from this volume: These practices create almost insurmountable competitive disadvantages. In addition, Keeley provides a deep look at the tenets of Japanese culture, the management and personnel practices tied to that culture, and the resulting business practices and organizational dynamics that characterize the modern Japanese corporation. In the process, he also offers up a compelling argument for diversity, not simply as an affirmative action accounting of staffing, but rather as a mindset of inclusion and involvement. For all those who read about the Japanese miracle of the 1980s, this book is an important corrective and should go on your reading list. It can also be recommended to anyone interested in the cross-cultural application or transfer of management or human resources practices, or organizational behavior in a global environment. Keeley launches his analysis with the observation that â€Å"the greatest challenge Japanese companies face in expanding their foreign direct investment is how to integrate host country national (HCN) managers into the management process of their oversees subsidiaries as well as that of the parent companies themselves† (p. ). The reasons why such integration is important are clear and simple: competitive advantage in a global economy requires that a multinational company (MNC) be able to tap the talents of local HCN managers; to do this, the MNC must be able attract, retain, and develop talented HCN managers. Absent this, the MNC will forfeit local expertise as well as violate host country antidiscrimination laws, something for which Japanese MNCs have a certain notoriety. More specifically, Keeley argues, the IHRM practices of Japanese MNCs are their Achilles heel, and this is due to the fact that â€Å"the Japanese system of management is so culture dependent that it is difficult to incorporate nonJapanese into the system, making internationalization of their organizations problematic. † (p. 9) This theme is examined more fully in Chapter 2, looking at the issues of cross-culture management and the importance of national culture on organizational dynamics. For example, using Hofstede’s (1991) national cultures variables, it is the work group-not the individual-that is the foundation of the Japanese organization. Japanese management techniques, such as lifetime employment, consensual decision making, and rewarding group members equally, are built upon the group. In Chapter 3, Keeley examines the three HRM practices that characterize the larger, global Japanese MNC: lifetime employment, a senioritybased wage system, and company-dominated unions. He also discusses the unique leadership role played by the personnel department. It is in this context that he reviews other distinctive features, like the long work hours of Japanese managers and the after-hours workgroup socializing that follows. Contending that this practice is essential to Japanese management, it is not common elsewhere, and Japanese managers find it difficult to manage without it. In this chapter, Keeley also does a good job reviewing the key traits of Japanese culture that so affect their HRM practices, including: strong ethnocentrism; an emphasis on the responsibilities of a (corporate) â€Å"household† (like paternalistic familism); harmony and loyalty in the context of vertically defined relationships; and the rigid separation of public face from private, personal feelings. Keeley also discusses how educational institutions are used as recruiting sources for corporate staffing. Although aspects of his review of Japanese culture, history, and institutions may be familiar to some, the coverage of Japanese IHRM practices in Chapter 4 is probably not. According to Keeley, Japanese firms were slow to move into investing in foreign sites and facilities, and it was not until the 1990s that Japan became a major foreign investor. Even so, only 8% of its manufacturing capacity was moved off shore, relatively small compared to the 17% for U. S. and 20% for German firms. On a continuum of IHRM practices, ranging from ethnocentric operations at one end to fully open and integrated global operations at the other, most Japanese firms would be classified as ethnocentric. Further, management positions in Japanese subsidiaries are invariably filled by native Japanese. Over the last 30 years or so, Japanese firms have consistently employed three to four times as many parent country nationals (PCNs) in manager jobs as have U. S. or European subsidiaries. Ethnocentric IHRM practices are also found in such other conditions as lack of local decision-making autonomy, demands for selecting and training PCN managers, substantial communication problems between PCN and HCN managers in Japanese subsidiaries, and even the pariah treatment that repatriating PCN managers experience when returned to Japan. In Chapter 5, Keeley continues his close and critical look at the interactions between culture and organizational behavior by examining communication and decision-making practices. This analysis is supported by the findings of his survey of Japanese subsidiaries in Singapore, Malaysia, and Australia in 1994 and 1996, as presented in Chapter 6. In the final chapter, Keeley draws out the implications of his analysis. HCN managers play a limited role in the management of local subsidiaries, with most decisions made at headquarters in Japan and communicated directly to the Japanese managers on site without local HCN manager involvement. These conditions make working for a Japanese subsidiary unattractive to many ambitious HCN managers, putting Japanese firms at a relative competitive disadvantage in the labor market. More generally, Japanese management practices are difficult to transfer to foreign operations and indeed may actually impede efficient and effective local operations. Both Japanese culture and their business operations create formidable barriers to effective integration. In short, Japanese MNCs seem tuck in an ethnocentric mode of operation that virtually dooms them to long-term mediocrity in the global economy. Keeley concludes that in order for them to succeed in a global economy, Japanese companies must transcend their ethnocentric attitudes and IHRM policies and practices and look at diversity, not as a defeat, but as a strength. Although some firms have recently begun to acknowledge this, most show little interest. International Human Resource Management offers an abundance of information and insight into the global HR operations of Japanese firms. In addition, it also provides an intriguing, more general assessment of the challenges involved in managing cross-culturally and the importance of effective diversity management. The book is well written. The frequent use of acronyms, like HCN and PCN, eventually becomes easy to follow. Though I found Chapter 6 on the author’s own research somewhat anticlimatic, all in all this is a fascinating tour book and is recommended without hesitation.

Indian persecutions essays

Indian persecutions essays The text we have studied relates to the integration problem between teh white and Indian population of United States : Indians are called Native-Americans because they have lived there for centuries. White Europeans arrived in the 17th century on their land during the conquest of the new territories. The confrontation of two cultures led to many problems we will discuss later but, basically, we had the Indian culture related to nature, natural living in direct confrontation with the white industrial and urban culture. By 1950, unemployment was high among native-Americans and the Bureau of Indian Affairs believed the solution was to relocate these populations in urban areas. Indians could see brochures pushing them to leave the country for better conditions in the cities. Many left but half of them came back to their reservation ! Hydroelectric power needs (les besoins en ...) led ( ont conduit) to many conflicts, especially for the building of dams (barrages) as it would flood reservations. Using legal protest and open protest, the Indians succeeded in some cases but other projects flooded most of Dakota s arable land for example. Another sensitive issue is about Fishing rights. Indians have always fished for a living (pour vivre) and thus they have been granted special tribal fishing rights. These rights are now challenged by environmental groups. A movie to illustrate the story of Indians : , starring Dustin Hoffman is a 1971 Hollywood movie which broke all stereotypes people had about Indians : westerns : cow boys, indians.... Indians have often been treated unequally and many protests were held during the 1960s and 1970s. The most surprising protest was certainly the Indian occupation of the Bureau of Indian Affairs in 1972. All Indian tribes were marching on Wasington with written demands. When they found that the accomodation they had reserved were taken, they took over the ...

THE CHALLENGE OF THE EFFICIENCY OF SOLAR ENERGY Essays - Energy

THE CHALLENGE OF THE EFFICIENCY OF SOLAR ENERGY Essays - Energy THE CHALLENGE OF THE EFFICIENCY OF SOLAR ENERGY The sun is a major source of energy producing radiant energy and producing over 12.2 GWh of energy per 200 million square miles daily. Man has continued to harness the sun's energy for various purposes such as conversion into other forms of energy or heating. Solar energy is a renewable form of energy and so it is one of the best sources of energy around. Given all these facts, the question arises: "How efficient is solar energy technology?" Harnessing solar energy for use may seem pretty easy to do given the fact that solar panels are available but this is not the case. The silicon material(semiconductor), a major component of the photocells used in solar panels give back 10-20% of the energy that they absorb from the sun. Losing close to 90% of energy absorbed is a major issue coupled with the fact that these materials are expensive to produce. As an electrical engineer, this challenge will definitely push me to find out solutions to solar energy efficiency in the nearest future. Recent advancements in technology show that better materials can be used to harness the sun's energy and still gain but they are quite expensive. For example, nanotechnology is being suggested as a way of improving the microstructure of photocells to allow better efficiency. I can engineer a material that will be very efficient and very cost effective in absorbing the sun's energy. The problem of low efficiency of solar panels will definitely pave way for research and labor within the engineering job market. Many engineers will be engaged in finding the suitable materials to harness solar energy as job opportunities will increase. On the global scale, this challenge will cause a major loss of energy, time and funds if it is not dealt with.

Time, Gentlemen, Please!

Time, Gentlemen, Please! Time, Gentlemen, Please! Time, Gentlemen, Please! By Maeve Maddox Our lives are defined by time. I challenge you to keep track of the number of times you say the word â€Å"time† in the course of a single day: What time is it? How much time do I have? It’s about time! We spend time, waste time, lose time, and save time. When we’re ready to go home from work, we say it’s time to call it a day. When we’re ready to go to bed, we say it’s time to call it a night. When we’re having fun, time flies. When we’re sad or bored, time drags by. The following examples of â€Å"time† expressions are for our ESL readers. He thinks his heart is broken, but time heals all wounds. (He’ll get over it when enough time has passed.) She seems to be a good choice; time will tell if she can do the work. (When she has been in the job long enough, her ability or lack of it will be apparent.) He graduated a year ago; it’s past time he looked for a job. (He should have looked for work before now.) The firemen got to the house just in time to save the residents. (A few minutes later and they residents would have died.) A year ago, the doctor gave him three months to live; he’s living on borrowed time. (He’s living longer than was expected.) He was unable to travel for nine years; now he’s making up for lost time by visiting every continent. (He’s going to extremes in an effort to experience what he could not at an earlier time.) Getting the transplant organ from California to the hospital in Kenya will be a race against time. (The organ will be useless if it does not reach its destination within a limited period.) Charlie is never in a hurry. He will answer the telephone in his own sweet time. (He will answer when he is ready.) Shakespeare’s works have stood the test of time. (to stand the test of time is to prove valuable or popular or useful for a very long time.) He won’t give you a definite answer because he’s playing for time. (He is deliberately practicing delay.) Now that you’re retired, I suppose you have time on your hands. (You don’t have anything that you must do.) If you’re not some kind of celebrity, she won’t give you the time of day. (She won’t pay any attention to you.) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Math or Maths?The Six Spellings of "Long E"Appropriate vs. Apropos vs. Apt

Increasing profitiability in a company using the 6 steps of decision Case Study

Increasing profitiability in a company using the 6 steps of decision making - Case Study Example There are several strategies that can be implemented in order to compete with the lower prices and varied selection that these competitors provide. These include lowering our prices to match those of our competitors and if possible, even go lower than them. We can also consider the option of also stocking other clothes in addition to womens clothes, like our competitors. We can also use the fact that we are smaller as compared to our competitors to our advantage by offering our customers personalized service, making sure that our staff are proficient in their departments, and offering unique and latest trends of women’s clothing. Another way we can become more competitive is by providing incentives to customers, and also creating value for our products. We need to carefully analyze these alternatives in order to decide which ones are more practical in our case for implementation. Although adjusting our prices lower to match those of our competitors is the first action that comes to mind, it would be detrimental to do so. Larger stores have the advantage of buying products in bulk and thus at a lesser price as compared to us. Because they have a wider selection of products, the cost of running their stores is also widely spread. They are thus able to sell their products at even lower prices. Being smaller chain stores, we would incur big losses if we were to reduce our prices to match those of our competitors. There is therefore no way we can compete on price. Another solution would be to add variety to our store by stocking other clothes other than just women’s clothing. Like our competitors, we could also include men’s and childrens clothing and also other items such as shoes and accessories. Due to our smaller size, we would have to invest in expanding our stores in order to venture into other products. This is currently not possible and as such, this alternative is not practical. However, we

Project Management - Project Breakdown, Risks and Staffing Assignment

Project Management - Project Breakdown, Risks and Staffing - Assignment Example This paper highlights the possible risks in the organization and how they can be analysed and managed. The organization faces a challenge of the inability to influence wider and diverse market margins. The company is striving to widen its customer diversity and population. This is hindered with the various risks the company faces such as stiff competition from similar companies and lack of sufficient stuffing. The company lacks enough employees hence the production of the company is not to its maximum. There is also poor human resource management. The organization finds it difficult and expensive to train the recruited employees. It is hard for the organisation to replace the experienced personnel who leave with new recruits who take time before conforming to the organisation’s operations and strategies. The organisation faces constant shifting of the employees and this gives it a disadvantage compared to the competitors. Another risk that the organization faces is lack of sufficient resources and funds to hire more employees. More employees will enable the organisation to hav e broader market margins as there level of production will be increased. This problems affect all departments of the organisation hence put the whole organization at risk. The organisation has not fully implemented technology in its daily routine and operations. The computer services and the internet facilities are not fully utilized by the employees of the organization. This particularly affects the HR, marketing and finance department. If this problems are not adhered to the company faces a threat of falling out of competition and closing down in the long run. Failing to diversify and widen it market margin gives the competitors an advantage. This also hinders the organisation from attracting more customers hence limiting the amount of profit the company

EXTRA CREDIT ASSIGNMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

EXTRA CREDIT ASSIGNMENT - Essay Example Is it doing all the noise of sustainable production to create attention of the market? I begin my discussion wherein Chipotle is asked by Trilium Asset Management, a consortium of institutional investors, to submit sustainability report in its annual report to know if company follows environmental, social, and governance practices. Chipotle as of 2014 has not submitted such report, while other companies in its industry category have already obliged. (Patton, L.2015). This evasive action puts some doubts on my mind about the honesty of the company. I question also its honesty because a study comparing Chipotle and McDonalds, showed Chipotle food has more calories. (Fotrell, Q.2014). It is like fooling the people. Despite of this, people perceived Chipotle’s food as a better quality, thus company has managed to create â€Å"healthy halo† around the product. The customization (a system where they can choose their own ingredient) and preparing the food in front of customers did wonders, plus its assurance that Chipotle is constantly seeking fresh and sustainable grown food sources. To me, the â€Å"healthy halo† effect means a protective perception when Chipotle put the word â€Å"food with integrity† and organic foods, so people assume that the food is healthy. However, following evidences convinced me to believe Ells supports sustainability not only in words but in practice. According to Chipotle’s own website Ells has been buying naturally raised pork since 1999. He partners with local suppliers to be assured of the quality of its vegetables and meat are in compliance with the quality standards of Chipotle. Company is an advocate of raising animals in humane way, never given hormones and fed vegan way. Local produce of farms should only be within 560 kilometer of the restaurant to be assured of freshness (Chipotle.com) My belief is based on acts and

Opportunities of Graduates in the Educational Field Assignment

Opportunities of Graduates in the Educational Field - Assignment Example Just like other graduate of my era, I also have an ambition of life. Starting from university days, I always wanted to be a college or elementary level teacher. By the blessing of God, I got several opportunities to serve in different schools and now looking for a respectable teaching position in some highly reputable organizations to stay in touch with this field as a professional. The teaching and education field has a variety of opportunities for fresh graduates not only within country but even across the cultures. 1.2 Terms of Reference This report elaborates the opportunities of graduates in the educational field. 1.3 Methodology The report reveals that educational and teaching networks are growing throughout the world and provide attractive opportunities to the skilled and capable graduates. In order to highlight the career opportunities for graduates in teaching line, different renowned setups of Beacon House School System and City School System were visited. Further research reports, interviews and statistics were collected through different websites to prepare this report. It includes the interviews of heads of BHSS (Beacon House School System) and CSS (City School System), the newspaper reports, survey reports of NACE and Occupational Outlook Handbook 2010-11. 1.4 Findings 1.4.1 General Employment Trends. Despite of global recession, still the education market shows continues improvements for college graduates. The latest hiring index of NACE (National Association of Colleges and Employers) illustrates that the improvement trend has increased from 87.2 in November, 2009 to 127.7 in next 12 months. Similarly the data indicates that unemployment trends in college graduates have declined from 8.8% to 8.6% (http://www.naceweb.org). 1.4.2 Recent and Future Trends. By 2018, almost 15% increasing trend is estimated for college and university teachers. This trend is faster than the average trend of all other occupations. The major cause behind this growth is the enrollment rate of students in higher studies in the upcoming years. U.S. News and World Report has declared that teaching profession will keep a higher ranking among best 50 careers in 2011 (http://money.usnews.com). Large numbers of academic experts and teachers are expected to retire over the next decade; therefore, positions for part-time educators will grow further and become ever more competitive. 1.4.3 Remuneration. Latest statistics indicate that average annual earning of graduate level teachers is about $58,830. The instructors or teachers of lowest working grade are even getting more than 28000 dollars per annum while the highest paying teachers are getting more than 120,000 dollars.

Hewlett-Packard Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Hewlett-Packard - Coursework Example In line with this merger, many have stated that this endeavor is both beneficial to the company. Upon analyzing the performance of Hewlett-Packard and Compaq as separate entities, these two are making waves for their markets specifically those of IT in nature. The merging of the company created a US$ 19 Billion value of the company, which signaled a big boom in the financial markets with high hopes and expectations regarding the company's operation formed by two IT giants. The company's future undertakings made me more interested in this study. The website www.news.com, also cited that this company would dictate a whopping 81% share in the US PC Market. One question was still unsettled, " will this merger eliminate all doubts and speculations during the negotiations of these giants to merge" Making profit out of the production if we are to deal with the IT industry is not the main goal of it nor it would justify the productivity of the company. In this regard, the threat of extinction among the big names in the IT industry is inevitable. The said companies (HP and Compaq) are making profit in this field, however, to compensate the needs of these companies and for them to be stable, they must increase their production above the projected number of these companies in order to compensate the demands and high rising cost of maintaining an IT company. To add to that, competitors like DELL, IBM, Toshiba, Sony and Sun Microsystems are some of the many competitors who divides the market of HP and Compaq. These premises made HP and Compaq decide to join forces in order to dominate the IT world. There are numerous mergers in the IT industry, which these mergers were intended to dominate the Market, wherein the common thinking during that time is " the survival of the fittest." Below is the timetable of the merger of these two companies. Table A Due to rising competition among different It companies, merger seems to be only option left fro the market of the company to expand and survive. REASONS FOR THE MERGER: Dealing with IT market is a great task to deal with. Innovations and related strategies is an important component to fare with other activities that are dominated by some firms. To further analyze the problem, it is essential to know different components concerning this. There are main reasons on why merger took place regarding the merger of the said companies. 1) Servers- Perhaps this is the main reason on why competitions in the IT industry is a though thing to deal with. Market leaders in this sector are the HP Alpha 9000 series servers with UNIX playing a dominant role as well. Other noteworthy firms in this sector are IBM and Dell but they are far behind from HP. Compaq is not a factor in this sector. 2) The rise of digital gadgets- Printers, Scanners and Digital cameras is indeed dominating the world of technology. In this regard, innovations concerning these gadgets are fast rising and these challenges are among the main reason of being obsolete from these things compared with the products and services offered by these two companies. 3) IT Services- The importance of this kind of service play a vital role not only in the World of technology, but the business world who needs it badly which is their primary

How, and in how far does the current United Kingdom constitutional Essay

How, and in how far does the current United Kingdom constitutional system demonstrate the operation of the doctrine of the Separation of Powers - Essay Example With regard to the UK position, the doctrine of the separation of powers has traditionally been limited and criticised for being somewhat unclear in comparison to other democracies3. Nevertheless, it has been commented that the doctrine does in fact influence everyday operations of the executive, legislature and judiciary4 and Barnett argues that â€Å"Separation of powers†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ runs like a thread throughout the constitution of the United Kingdom5.† Nevertheless, in the UK there has not been a clear separation of the branches of the state6, but rather a fusion. For example, the executive clearly carries out legislative functions and a prime example is the Law Commission. Although the Law Commission Act 1965 clearly requires the Commission to be â€Å"independent7† in reviewing law reform, its committee members are appointed by the Lord Chancellor who also grants prior approval to projects that the Law Commission will review. Additionally, the judiciary obtain their power from the Crown and there is a distinct overlap of functions between the powers, which should be separated for the effective application of the separation of powers8. This obfuscation of the theoretical separation of powers has ramifications for the procedure of passing Acts of Parliament. Parliament is essentially the legislative section of the British political system. As such, through the executive Prime Minister and the Cabinet, Parliament sanctions executive sovereignty in a party governmental system. Theoretically Parliament is a policy influencing body, relying on the executive to formulate policy and reacts to it and therefore the party machine reinforces power of the executive to initiate policy. Parliament is not therefore involved in the policy making process and has minor powers of initiation. Whilst government controls Parliament the passing of an Act of Parliament ultimately depends on control, possession of

Opportunities of Graduates in the Educational Field Assignment

Opportunities of Graduates in the Educational Field - Assignment Example Just like other graduate of my era, I also have an ambition of life. Starting from university days, I always wanted to be a college or elementary level teacher. By the blessing of God, I got several opportunities to serve in different schools and now looking for a respectable teaching position in some highly reputable organizations to stay in touch with this field as a professional. The teaching and education field has a variety of opportunities for fresh graduates not only within country but even across the cultures. 1.2 Terms of Reference This report elaborates the opportunities of graduates in the educational field. 1.3 Methodology The report reveals that educational and teaching networks are growing throughout the world and provide attractive opportunities to the skilled and capable graduates. In order to highlight the career opportunities for graduates in teaching line, different renowned setups of Beacon House School System and City School System were visited. Further research reports, interviews and statistics were collected through different websites to prepare this report. It includes the interviews of heads of BHSS (Beacon House School System) and CSS (City School System), the newspaper reports, survey reports of NACE and Occupational Outlook Handbook 2010-11. 1.4 Findings 1.4.1 General Employment Trends. Despite of global recession, still the education market shows continues improvements for college graduates. The latest hiring index of NACE (National Association of Colleges and Employers) illustrates that the improvement trend has increased from 87.2 in November, 2009 to 127.7 in next 12 months. Similarly the data indicates that unemployment trends in college graduates have declined from 8.8% to 8.6% (http://www.naceweb.org). 1.4.2 Recent and Future Trends. By 2018, almost 15% increasing trend is estimated for college and university teachers. This trend is faster than the average trend of all other occupations. The major cause behind this growth is the enrollment rate of students in higher studies in the upcoming years. U.S. News and World Report has declared that teaching profession will keep a higher ranking among best 50 careers in 2011 (http://money.usnews.com). Large numbers of academic experts and teachers are expected to retire over the next decade; therefore, positions for part-time educators will grow further and become ever more competitive. 1.4.3 Remuneration. Latest statistics indicate that average annual earning of graduate level teachers is about $58,830. The instructors or teachers of lowest working grade are even getting more than 28000 dollars per annum while the highest paying teachers are getting more than 120,000 dollars.

How, and in how far does the current United Kingdom constitutional Essay

How, and in how far does the current United Kingdom constitutional system demonstrate the operation of the doctrine of the Separation of Powers - Essay Example With regard to the UK position, the doctrine of the separation of powers has traditionally been limited and criticised for being somewhat unclear in comparison to other democracies3. Nevertheless, it has been commented that the doctrine does in fact influence everyday operations of the executive, legislature and judiciary4 and Barnett argues that â€Å"Separation of powers†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ runs like a thread throughout the constitution of the United Kingdom5.† Nevertheless, in the UK there has not been a clear separation of the branches of the state6, but rather a fusion. For example, the executive clearly carries out legislative functions and a prime example is the Law Commission. Although the Law Commission Act 1965 clearly requires the Commission to be â€Å"independent7† in reviewing law reform, its committee members are appointed by the Lord Chancellor who also grants prior approval to projects that the Law Commission will review. Additionally, the judiciary obtain their power from the Crown and there is a distinct overlap of functions between the powers, which should be separated for the effective application of the separation of powers8. This obfuscation of the theoretical separation of powers has ramifications for the procedure of passing Acts of Parliament. Parliament is essentially the legislative section of the British political system. As such, through the executive Prime Minister and the Cabinet, Parliament sanctions executive sovereignty in a party governmental system. Theoretically Parliament is a policy influencing body, relying on the executive to formulate policy and reacts to it and therefore the party machine reinforces power of the executive to initiate policy. Parliament is not therefore involved in the policy making process and has minor powers of initiation. Whilst government controls Parliament the passing of an Act of Parliament ultimately depends on control, possession of

The problem of homelessness Essay Example for Free

The problem of homelessness Essay Homelessness is the big problem in Unite State. It’s like a group that people are living in the street. People become homeless for many kinds of reason although sometimes not their willing to be. Not only in the United States, but also in other countries had the same problem. So, homelessness is international problems. Also, a country has a lot homeless, it will affect the children. Children are the hope of the country, if the children cannot grow up normally, the country cannot be better even decline. Due to some misconceptions of people make above of the effects came out, so many homeless can’t be gotten supports and helps by people and government. The misconception for the homeless effect deeply in U.S. This is the main point that people don’t care the homeless any more. By researching, there are the common misconceptions about the homeless. For example, almost all homeless people have major mental health problems. Obviously, the stereotype is not true. Because people have misconceptions about homeless people. People will keep away from homeless people that avoid being hurt. So, most homeless people can’t accept any health care and support. As a result, most homeless people impossible to be healed. By the way, when I met a homeless person who was talking to me, I would feel scary also. Because they look dirty, I was afraid that they would hurt me. In general, I’ll keep away from them. However, the homeless people are living street, that’s mean can’t live normally. They are dirty because they don’t have chance to clean themselves rather than lazy. I have once had these beliefs before I didn’t realize what the truth was. Sometimes the stereotypes are harmful for the homeless. For instance, many people suppose they are lazy. For various reasons, even the homeless cannot like a normal, much less to find a job. Otherwise, they maybe not were being the homeless. It’s back to before, so what are the rationales that lead to people becoming homeless? There are three main reasons that people become the homeless. First of all, the domestic violence affects a lot women and children. More than a half of the homeless women with children may have experienced for domestic violence becoming the  homeless. Second, people became homeless because of the bad economics. In United States and China, people lose their job and face the inflationary force; they can’t afford housing even life supplies lead to become homelessness. Third, ment al health problem force people to become homeless. For instance, they are addicted to drugs and alcohols. Dugs and alcohols can make people psychosis. They almost can’t take care of themselves even work. Because they don’t get help, without medication helping lead to become homeless. Above of three reasons are similar between United States and China that people become homeless. From the research, we know a lot women and children are affected by the domestic violence and more and more youth and young adults with child who are homeless have suffered violence in their homes. What the children may happen if their parent is homelessness? First, it effects on children’s physical health. Like, homeless children get sick easier than other children. Second, it effects on children’s mental health. For instance, they delays development slower than other children even malnutrition. Last, it will effect on children’s success in school. They may not graduate from school. However, there have some ways that school and teachers can help and support the homeless children. For example, free therapy, collaborative, and kind of supports. Compare the systems with China, some of children who are homeless living by stealing or some of them will lost and die. In China, a lot homeless would be cared by people before, but following year by year, people don’t care any longer even feel dislike. Most homeless are begging for money panhandlers, now the panhandlers are divided 2 types. One type is called true baggers, such as they are disable, children, elderly, blind, deaf. Another called professional baggers. They always work on the street using the ways that make people give money to them. For example, they’ll block you until you give them money. Due to the fake baggers appeared, people started to hate the homeless. However the true homeless are affected that people don’t care them anymore. In the U.S, the government, agencies and volunteers are as supporting for helping homeless people, but in China. Because of the professional baggers, people’s attitude become negative even the government, only volunteers will help the homeless. To conclude, homelessness issue still needs people’s and government’s help in all over the world. The homeless people, especially children, they really need to be helped and supported. Although our power are lack, collect more and more people and funds to help and support homeless people so that the homeless issue will be solved in the future. Let’s take action to organize some programs, throw the stereotypes away and do our best to help homeless people make the world better and better.

Chemistry Essays Ethanoic Acid

Chemistry Essays Ethanoic Acid The characteristic smell of vinegar comes from the inclusion of ethanoic acid. The characteristic smell of vinegar comes from the inclusion of ethanoic acid (CH3COOH), also known as acetic acid.   However, unless pure distilled vinegar is purchased, with a guaranteed and stated composition, there are other acids present in vinegar.   These include: citric acid HOOCCh1C(OH)(COOH)Ch1COOH), malic acid (2-hydroxybutanedioic acid)   HOOCCH(OH)Ch1COOH lactic acid (2-hydroxypropanoic acid) CH3CH(OH)COOH tartaric acid – (CHOH)2(COOH)2 For the purposes of this investigation the most volatile acid – ethanoic acid, is taken to be a measure of the acidity.   An attempt will be made to purify the vinegar so that it is mainly the ethanoic acid that is contributing the acidic content, but this cannot be guaranteed.   Vinegars chosen will be malt vinegar (A), red wine vinegar (B) and cider vinegar (C). Stage 1 – removing the colour from the vinegar Materials required 100cm3 of Vinegar samples A to C. 3 volumetric flasks, labelled A to C (250 cm3) 3 conical flasks, labelled A to C (250 cm3) Activated charcoal Metal spatula Glass stirring rod Filtration funnel Filter paper Method Place vinegar samples A in volumetric flask A and add 1 spatula measure of activated charcoal.   Stir well using clean glass rod.   Filter resulting mixture through filter paper and funnel into conical flask labelled A. Repeat using vinegar sample B with flasks labelled B; Likewise sample C. Note that the filtration process may need to be repeated if colour remains in the vinegar.   If charcoal is not fully removed from mixture then suction filtration may be required. Stage 2 – distilling the vinegar Due to the presence of other acids and additive to the vinegar the mixture needs to be distilled to purify the mixture to ethanoic acid and water. Materials required Distillation column and separating funnel Pear shaped flask Conical Flasks A to C from stage 1 Anti bumping granules Bunsen burner Heatproof mat Clamp and stand Goggles Ice bath Universal indicator paper Pippette Method Add filtered vinegar sample A to a pear shaped flask and set up distillation column above Bunsen, using clamp and stand.   Ensure all gaps are well sealed. Wash conical flask A with distilled water and use for collection of distillate Arrange column so that distillate drips into conical flask A, placed in ice bath. Gently heat mixture in pear shaped flask until distillate begins to collect in conical flask.   Test to see when all volatile acid has been distilled by placing drops of distillate onto universal indicator and checking pH colour. When pH registers over 7 cease heating. Repeat using vinegar samples B and C using clean apparatus. Stage 3 – determining the concentration of ethanoic acid Option A chromatography Materials Filter paper with pencil line drawn 2cm from bottom edge and pencil spots marked and labelled at 2 cm intervals along it Samples of ethanoic acid of known concentration eg 0.01 mol/dm3, 0.1 mol/dm3 and 0.05 mol/dm3 Glass beaker Vinegar samples A to C Glass pipette Water tweezers Bromocresol green indicator solution Household plant spray bottle gogglesMethod Place spots of known concentration ethanoic acid on each of the labelled pencil spots on the filter paper.   Place spots of vinegar samples A to C on remaining spots.   Place chromatogram in beaker with water up to 1 cm, ie below pencil line. Leave until water has spread  ¾ up filter paper.   Remove with tweezers and leave to dry. When dry spray with bromocresol green solution from household plant spray bottle until paper is damp but not sopping.   Dry chromatogram. Compare colour of indicator of samples A to C to known concentrations of CH3COOH, the one closest in colour would represent the actual concentration.This m ethod would not be chosen in the final experiment, as there is a lot of subjectivity to comparing the colours.   Also the technique of spraying the chromatogram is not easy to master. Option B – titration using sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Equations and scientific calculation methodology Ethanoic acid (CH3COOH) is a weak acid , which only dissociates partially in solution with water.   As an acid CH3COOH donates protons, which are accepted by water in solution to form the hydroxyonium ion: CH3COOH (aq) + h10(l) ↔ CH3COO-(aq) = H30+(aq) Sodium hydroxide is a strong base, so it dissociates fully in water: NaOH(aq) {+ h10 }↔ Na+(aq) + OH-(aq) {+ h10} Note, that the water is effectively unchanged by the NaOH as the strong base dissociating causes an excess of OH-, which would shift the normal water dissociation equilibrium h10 ↔ H+ + OH- to the left. When titrated 1 mol of CH3COOH would react with 1 mol of NaOH in a neutralisation reaction to form the salt and water: NaOH (aq) + CH3COOH(aq) ↔ CH3COONa (aq) + h1O(l) Therefore if a known amount of a known concentration of NaOH is used to titrate a known volume of vinegar, the concentration of ethanoic acid in the vinegar could be calculated as shown in the example below: Molarity of solution x volume of solution = number of mols used. If 23ml of NaOH is used to titrate 20ml of vinegar and Molarity x volume / 1000 = no of mols used 1 x 23/1000 = 0.023mols of NaOH used to neutralise 20ml vinegar As 1 mol of NaOH is needed to neutralise 1 mol of CH3COOH then 20ml of the vinegar solution must also contain 0.023mols of CH3COOH. Using molarity x volume /1000 = no of mols used with the data that is known: Molarity x 20 / 1000 = 0.023 0.023 x 1000 = molarity x 20 0.023 x 1000 / 20 = molarity = 1.15M Therefore the vinegar is of concentration 1.15M.However, it is known however that vinegar contains around 5% ethanoic acid in water.   Therefore it can be assumed that the concentration of ethanoic acid would be closer to 0.1 mol/dm3 than 1mol/dm3.   As 1mol of CH3COOH neutralises 1 mol of NaOH, it would therefore be sensible to use NaOH of 0.1 mol/dm3. Part i – standardisation of alkali NaOH solution left for any length of time includes gases that have diffused in from the air.   Therefore, in order to be certain that the concentration is precise the alkali should be newly mixed immediately prior to use. Materials Sodium hydroxide (solid) Distilled water Measuring cylinder Glass stirring rod Metal spatula volumetric flask (1000 cm3) Method As NaOH has a molar mass of 40g/mol to make a 0.1 mol/dm3 solution 2.0g of NaOH(s) should be dissolved in 500ml distilled water in a volumetric flask and stirred until dissolved.   Part ii titration of ethanoic acid with NaOH Materials Burette White tile Clamp and stand Funnel Conical flask (250cm3) Volumetric flask (250cm3) Phenolphthalein indicator solution Phenol red indicator 0.1M NaOH solution Vinegar samples A to C Method Fill clean burette with 0.1M NaOH solution. Place 10cm3 of vinegar sample A in conical flask with a few drops of phenolphthalein indicator. Add NaOH to vinegar sample slowly, swirling flask to ensure mixing.   Phenolphthalein will turn from colourless to pink at the equivalence point (the point at which the amount of moles of one reactant is just enough to react exactly with the measured amount of the other reactant) as there would be the same amount of NaOH and CH3COOH present in the flask, leading to a neutralisation reaction, as explained above.   It will be assumed for this experiment that the end point and equivalence point are the same. The experiment would be repeated with vinegar samples B and C.   The experiment would also be repeated using phenol red as an indicator.   This would be expected to change from yellow to red at the equivalence point . The amount of 0.1M NaOH used could be used to calculate the concentration of ethanoic acid in each of the samples, via t he equation: Molarity x volume / 1000 = no of mols used Risk assessment and safety – chemicals NaOH is an irritant and can cause burns.   Ethanoic acid is a corrosive agent.   Phenolphthalein is an irritant and can cause burns. Goggles and protective clothing should be worn throughout.   If chemical comes into contact with the skin the area should be washed with plenty of clean running water.   If a large area of skin is affected or skin shows signs of burning (eg redness / swelling) medical advice should be sought immediately. If chemical comes into contact with the eyes wash out immediately with sterile eye wash.   If chemical is ingested wash out mouth with clean water and seek medical advice immediately. Do not induce vomiting as this may cause further damage. Do not breathe fumes of fresh NaOH solution.   Ideally experiment should take place in a fume cupboard.   If fumes are inhaled move immediately to an area of fresh air.   In case of difficulty in breathing medical advice should be sought. Risk assessment and safety equipment Burette should be filled with a funnel and should not be above shoulder height to avoid spillage. Goggles and protective clothing should be worn when using flames. Long hair should be tied back and loose clothing fastened securely when using flames.Care should be taken when assembling distillation equipment so that breakage does not occur.   Particular attention should be paid when inserting one tube into another and this should not be done in palm of hand in case of slippage and possible damage to hand. References and Bibliography Daintith, J. (ed) 1990, A concise dictionary of chemistry, 2nd edn, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Harwood, P. Hughes, M. 2001, Acids and bases in Chemistry A2, eds. P. Harwood M. Hughes, 2nd edn, Harper Collins, London, pp. 28-53. Hunt, A. 2001, Physical Chemistry in A2 Chemistry, ed. A. Hunt, 1st edn, Hodder Stoughton, London, pp. 6-86. McNeil, K. 2004, COSHH Standard Assessment for Work in Chemistry Research Laboratories. University of Bristol Online. Available at: http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/safety/chemicalhazards.htm, Accessed 8th February 2006 . The Nuffield Foundation 2003, 13th November 2003-last update, Investigating Vinegars tutorial, The Nuffield Foundation Online. Available at: http://www.chemistry-react.org/go/Tutorial/Tutorial_4948.html   Accessed, 7th February 2006.

Psychoanalytic Approach vs. Humanistic Approach Essay -- essays resear

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mental disorders are dismissed by people today because they are internal. When a person has a cold they cough, when a person has sunburn they turn red or peel, but when a person has a mental disorder they†¦ and that’s where the debate begins. Do mental disorders truly exist? What are the causes? As a result of mental disorders some people exhibit a change in behavior or do things outside of what is status quo. That leads me to my topic - the psychoanalytic approach vs. the humanistic approach. One supports and provides reasoning for mental disorders and specific behavior, while the other states that behavior is based off of personal decisions. Although both the psychoanalytic and the humanistic approaches are well developed theories it is conclusive that the psychoanalytic approach is more useful and instrumental in treating mental disorders. Both approaches defined:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The psychoanalytic approach, proposed by Sigmund Freud, is based on the idea that childhood experiences significantly influence the development of later personality traits and psychological problems. In addition, psychoanalysis emphasizes the influence of unconscious fears, desires and motivations on thoughts and behaviors. The humanistic approach, presented by Abraham Maslow, emphasizes self actualization and free-will. It is based on the belief that each person has freedom in directing his or her future. The theorists:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sigmund Freud was an Austrian psychoanalyst in the twentieth century whose studies and interests were focused on psychosexual behavior, psychosocial behavior, and the unconscious. He blames incestual desires and acts on neurosis and believes neurotics were victimized and molested in their youth. Congruently, this is his explanation for sexual urges in children. He watched psychiatrists fail at inventions of electrical and chemical treatments for mental disorders, only for them to turn to treatments that followed concepts of psychoanalysis. Even though drugs diminish symptoms of suffering he believed psychoanalytic or talking therapy would truly restore a patient’s self-esteem and welfare. As quoted by Ernst G. Beier: In order for neurotic patients to recover from pain and discover a life of purpose, I believe that they must regain their continuity with their earliest experiences. Early im... ...roblems. On the other hand, the humanistic approach, introduced by Abraham Maslow, states that individuals have the freedom and capacity to direct his or her own future. Although it is a theory, it is apparant that the psychoanalytic approach is accepted in our society through observations of our speech and procedures of our criminal justice system. As a result, it is conclusive that it is more instrumental in the treatment of mental disorders. References: Boneau, C. A., Kimble, G. A., and Wertheimer, M. (1996) Portraits of Pioneers in Psychology, Volume II. Washington D.C. and Mahwah, NJ: American Psychological Association & Erlbaum Associates, Inc. Chapman, A. J., Conroy, W., and Sheehy, N. (1997) Biographical Dictionary of Psychology: London & New York: Routledge. Keil, F. C. and Wilson, R. A. (1999) The MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences. Cambridge, Massachusetts & London, England: The MIT Press Kimble, G. A., Wertheimer, M., and White, C. L. (1991) Portraits of Pioneers in Psychology, Volume I. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. Zusne, Leonard. (1984) Biographical Dictionary of Psychology. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press.

The Tale of Genji by Murasaki Shikibu Essay -- The Heian Period, Japan

Being a student interested in the field of biology, one knows that studying life in the past plays an important role in the history of organisms that lived on this earth. Similarly, being Japanese, studying the past of how Japanese were plays an important role in Japanese history. Despite all the general aspects of life that have changed from the Heian period, the one idea that has definitely not changed is the romantic relationships between a man and woman. Though the general concept is the same, from reading The Tale of Genji, it is what was considered the ideal woman and ideal man that were both surprising and thus worth discussing. Written around 978 by Murasaki Shikibu, The Tale of Genji, regarded as the world’s first novel, is an excellent source describing the ideal woman and man during the Heian period. Life in the Heian period revolved around the court and the social hierarchy that came with it. Thus it is completely understandable that one of the most important characteristics of an ideal man or woman was the person’s ranking. For most women, especially those in the lower ranks, to be able to give birth to a son whose father was of high rank would up her own status. Note however, though that she did not need to marry the father, and this was indeed the case for many women. The main reason for this is because men, especially those with high ranks like Genji and Tà µ no Chujà µ had affairs with many women regardless to who they themselves were married. Genji and Tà µ no Chujà µ both knew that because of their high rank, they could for the most part, get any woman they wished. Yet, it is b ecause of this that in The Tale of Genji, they could actually seriously consider various characteristics that they feel represente... ...whereas the ideal man would be one of high rank, faithful and had a tenderness and eloquence. The main trait discussed that would still apply personally as an ideal man and woman though would be one who was faithful. Though appearance is still a factor, what is considered beautiful has changed and a social hierarchy in the United States does not exist today. All in all, a relationship between a man and woman is an important aspect of anyone’s life, regardless of the place in history, and studying these aspects from a great novel like The Tale of Genji, plays a vital role in understanding Japanese culture. Works Cited Shikibu, Murasaki. The Tale of Genji. NY, NY: Penguin Classics, 2001. 319. Print. Smits, Gregory. "The Heian Period Aristocrats." East Asian History. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Feb 2011. .

Individual Asset Allocation Exercise Essay

Group 2 Questions for Individual Asset Allocation Exercise: 1. Allocate your fictional $1,000,000 among the following three asset categories: Asset U.S. Equities U.S. 30-Year Treasury Bonds Cash Total Allocation 45% 35% 20% 100% Justify your allocation based on your outlook for systematic risk in the U.S. economy over the next year. Based on GDP, there is an expected growth in rates for the following quarter, though it may not be a dramatic one. Rates have been fluctuating within about a 1-2% range in the previous quarters following 2010. Investing in stocks would be logical when there is a growth since more business activities will be carried out, thus translating into higher corporate profits. However, a growing GDP may put the economy at risk of inflation. GDP may be growing due to consumer confidence, which too seems to be steadily growing. Consumer confidence shows that consumers are more likely to spend and invest in the economy, which will help to boost it. This is good for stocks since a growing GDP will result in healthy corporate profits and higher stock prices. Consumers may be more able to spend and invest in the economy due to a fall in jobless claims. This means there are more people working so less people are filing for unemployment insurance, thus an improving labor market. Since more people have jobs there is more spending within the economy, which translates into a healthier economy overall. However, too little jobless claims may have a negative impact on the economy in that it may trigger wage inflation, which is bad news for the stock market. Businesses have to set out incentives like paying overtime or higher wages to attract employment, thus spending more in labor costs. The Federal Reserve tends to increase interest rates when wage inflation looks too threatening, which negatively affects both the stock and bond market. Due to the aforementioned market risks in the economy, it seems optimal to invest the largest segment (45%) to US equities. The US seems to be thriving in a growing economy since the financial crisis, which is favorable to the stock market, since a healthy economy leads to an increase in equity prices, which thrives on growing corporate profits. It would then be optimal to allocate 35% to US 30 year treasury bonds, since bonds tend to be less risky than stocks. Bonds have a higher likelihood of receiving a return on the investment than stocks, which have a higher possibility of loss. However, bonds do have a lesser return on investment, thus as much profit won’t be made compared to a stock that’s doing well. However bonds tend to be safer, though at the same time are at a risk of being affected by inflation since the economy often walks a fine line between strong growth and excessive growth in the economy. Finally, 20% should be kept as cash just to make sure that there is cash at hand in case of emergencies. Since there are risks associated with both the bond and stock market alike, as the economy grows and becomes in risk of inflation. Cash will be able to provide flexibility during times when the market is feeling pressured.